Empowering Kratom Farmers in Strengthening Functions of Family Institutions in Hulu Kapuas District
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v4i4.960Keywords:
Welfare, Kratom Empowerment, FarmersAbstract
This research focuses on empowering kratom farmers in Kapuas Hulu Regency amidst uncertainty regarding government regulations regarding legality which have an impact on the planting and buying and selling of kratom as well as decreasing the income of farming families. This was done for four main reasons: first, the need for empowerment for kratom farmers; second, strengthening institutions and improving the family economy; third, analysis of social changes due to shifts in livelihoods; and fourth, the impact of empowerment on the welfare of the kratom farming community. This research aims to answer the challenges, obstacles and empowerment models for kratom farmers in Kapuas Hulu Regency using a Social Welfare and Community Empowerment approach. Research methods include interviews with key informants, documentation, and literature study. The output of this research includes policy recommendations to local governments and publications in the nationally accredited scientific journal SINTA 3 and Simple Patent Rights.
References
Cadzow, H., & Binns, T. (2016). Empowering Freetown’s women farmers. Applied Geography, 74, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.06.010
Chen, H., Wang, J., & Huang, J. (2014). Policy support, social capital, and farmers’ adaptation to drought in China. Global Environmental Change, 24(1), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.010
Chunyan Zhou, H. E. (2018). The Triple helix University–Industry Government Innosvation and Entrepreneurship Edisi kedua. Routledg.
Clune, T., & Downey, H. (2022). Very good farmers, not particularly good business-people: A rural financial counsellor perspective on rural business failure. Journal of Rural Studies, 95, 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.09.025
Fleming, J. H., Babyak, C. M., & Alves, E. A. (2023). Analysis of heavy metals content in commercially available kratom products in Richmond, Virginia. Forensic Chemistry, 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2023.100474
Garforth, C. J., Bailey, A. P., & Tranter, R. B. (2013). Farmers’ attitudes to disease risk management in England: A comparative analysis of sheep and pig farmers. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 110(3–4), 456–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.018
Hasdiansyah, A., & Suryono, Y. (2021). Empowerment of farmers: The role of actor and the persistence of coffee farmers in rural pattongko, indonesia. Qualitative Report, 26(12), 3805–3822. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4876
Hidano, A., Gates, M. C., & Enticott, G. (2019). Farmers’ Decision Making on Livestock Trading Practices: Cowshed Culture and Behavioral Triggers Amongst New Zealand Dairy Farmers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00320
Iftimie, S., Lopez-Azcona, A., Vallverdu, I., Hernandez-Flix, S., Febrer, G., & Parra, S. (2021). First and second waves of coronavirus disease-19: A comparative study in hospitalized patients in Reus, Spain. PLoS ONE, 16(3).
Jensen, K. C., Oehm, A. W., Campe, A., Stock, A., Woudstra, S., Feist, M., Müller, K. E., Hoedemaker, M., & Merle, R. (2022). German Farmers’ Awareness of Lameness in Their Dairy Herds. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.866791
Khalid, K., Ku Md Saad, S., Soelar, S. A., Mohamed Yusof, Z., & Warijo, O. (2023). Exploring adolescents’ practice and perspective on the use and misuse of kratom in northwest Malaysia. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 22(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2021.1906816
Kim, K., Shahsavarani, M., Garza-García, J. J. O., Carlisle, J. E., Guo, J., De Luca, V., & Qu, Y. (2023). Biosynthesis of kratom opioids. New Phytologist, 240(2), 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19162
Lähdesmäki, M., Siltaoja, M., Luomala, H., Puska, P., & Kurki, S. (2019). Empowered by stigma? Pioneer organic farmers’ stigma management strategies. Journal of Rural Studies, 65, 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.10.008
Leksungnoen, N., Andriyas, T., Ngernsaengsaruay, C., Uthairatsamee, S., Racharak, P., Sonjaroon, W., Kjelgren, R., Pearson, B. J., McCurdy, C. R., & Sharma, A. (2022). Variations in mitragynine content in the naturally growing Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) population of Thailand. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1028547
Ma, C., Yuan, Q., Wen, Q., & Li, X. (2021). Impact of agriculture industrial development on farmers’livelihood: Based on the research of four migrant villages in hongsibu district, ningxia. Progress in Geography, 40(5), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.05.006
Marvuglia, A., Bayram, A., Baustert, P., Gutiérrez, T. N., & Igos, E. (2022). Agent-based modelling to simulate farmers’ sustainable decisions: Farmers’ interaction and resulting green consciousness evolution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129847
Mohr, S., Beard, R., Nisbet, A. J., Burgess, S. T. G., Reeve, R., Denwood, M., Porphyre, T., Zadoks, R. N., & Matthews, L. (2020). Uptake of Diagnostic Tests by Livestock Farmers: A Stochastic Game Theory Approach. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00036
Mwaseba, D. L., Kaarhus, R., Johnsen, F. H., Mattee, A. Z., Mvena, Z. S. K., & Eik, L. O. (2015). Empowering farmers? Collaborative research at Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. Development in Practice, 25(3), 347–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2015.1019340
Narasimhaiah, S. (2022). Farmers against Fascism: How India’s Farmers’ Protests Cultivated Alternatives to Neoliberal Hindu Nationalist Dystopia. Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, 20(5–6), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341609
Nordmeyer, E. F., & Mußhoff, O. (2023). Understanding German farmers’ intention to adopt drought insurance. Journal of Environmental Management, 345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118866
Owens, G. R. (2016). “We are not farmers”: Dilemmas and prospects of residential suburban cultivators in contemporary Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(3), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X16000392
Palomo-Campesino, S., García-Llorente, M., & González, J. A. (2021). Characterizing agroecological and conventional farmers: uncovering their motivations, practices, and perspectives toward agriculture. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 45(9), 1399–1428. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2021.1933671
Ramachandram, D. S., Chia Siang, K., & Rini, R. (2023). Comparison of biochemical and safety parameters of regular kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) users at two different time periods. Journal of Substance Use, 28(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1999513
Saingam, D., Singh, D., Geater, A. F., Assanangkornchai, S., Jitpiboon, W., & Latkin, C. (2023). The Health Impact of Long-Term Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Use in Southern Thailand. Substance Use and Misuse, 58(10), 1212–1225. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2215301
Sanagi, M. M. (2013). Molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit samples. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 32(2), 155–161.
Sembiring, A., Prabaningrum, L., & Moekasan, T. K. (2022). Farmers, Traders and Households’ Preference to IVegRI’s Open-Pollinated Chili Varieties in Lembang, West Java, Indonesia. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 37(2), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v37i2.58346
Sengnon, N., Vonghirundecha, P., Chaichan, W., Juengwatanatrakul, T., Onthong, J., Kitprasong, P., Sriwiriyajan, S., Chittrakarn, S., Limsuwanchote, S., & Wungsintaweekul, J. (2023). Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Alkaloid Content of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) from Thailand. Plants, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040949
Shahab, M. A., Putra, M. A., & Udin, U. (2022). Strengthening Social Capital to Increasing Farmers’ Entrepreneurial Ability. Quality - Access to Success, 23(187), 200–208. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.187.25
Wahyono, S., Widowati, L., Handayani, L., Sampurno, O. D., Haryanti, S., Fauzi, R., G., & S, M. B. (2019). Kratom, Prospek Kesehatan dan Sosial Ekonomi. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol, 53(ue 9)).
Wang, C., Wang, L., Li, X., Li, Y., Shao, J., & Jiang, W. (2011). The source of the forward-security of farmers’ livelihood and settlement integration: Based on the survey of 477 farmers in Bailin village, west suburbs of Chongqing. Dili Xuebao/Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(8), 1141–1152. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84864395972&partnerID=40&md5=af1790c582195773e989206217d56e29
Wang, J.-H., Ma, Y.-T., & Wang, X.-L. (2014). Agricultural production safety: Farmers’ pesticide application knowledge and technical training. Zhongguo Renkou Ziyuan Yu Huan Jing/ China Population Resources and Environment, 24(4), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.04.008
Xu, H., & Huang, X.-J. (2014). Land use policy and farmers’participation in rural irrigation and water conservancy facilities of saline farmland. Zhongguo Renkou Ziyuan Yu Huan Jing/ China Population Resources and Environment, 24(3), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-2104.2014.03.022
Yang, F.-A., & Chang, H.-H. (2023). Impact of a pension program on healthcare utilization among older farmers: Empirical evidence from health claims data. World Development, 169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106295
Yu, J., Zheng, X., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2018). The Principal-Agent leasing model of “Company + n Farmers” under two division modes. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062015
Zuo, A., Nauges, C., & Wheeler, S. A. (2015). Farmers’ exposure to risk and their temporary water trading. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 42(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbu003



